Grassland culture is the carrier of primitive culture and an important weapon to protect grassland ecological environment. Grassland ecological environment is the foundation of economic development.
Foundation and elements, which have external characteristics and bio-economic significance. Grassland culture is the comparative advantage of economic development and deserves attention.
The economic function of power and the economic value of industry itself. Reasonable economic development is the basis of protecting grassland ecological environment and grassland culture.
Foundation. We should use Scientific Outlook on Development to guide economic development in pastoral areas and protect grassland ecological environment and grassland culture.
Keywords grassland ecological environment, externality of grassland cultural and economic development, Scientific Outlook on Development
In the process of building a new socialist pastoral area, we should deal with the relationship between grassland ecological environment, grassland culture and economic development, taking into account the national characteristics of pastoral areas and the grassland-based ecological environment. Are they antagonistic to each other, or can they tolerate each other? This paper makes a superficial discussion on this issue.
First, the relationship between grassland ecological environment and grassland culture
(1) Grassland ecological environment is the carrier of grassland culture. There is a special subject called cultural ecology, which studies the relationship between ecological environment and culture. Cultural ecology is a science that analyzes the relationship between culture and its environment. Cultural ecologists believe that the environment has a great influence on the development of cultural characteristics. A certain culture comes from a certain environment, and the grassland ecological environment is the carrier of grassland culture. Obviously, when the grassland ecological environment is destroyed, grassland culture will cease to exist and become a historical concept.
(2) Grassland culture is an important weapon to protect grassland ecological environment.
Comrade Chen Guanglin, deputy secretary of the Inner Mongolia Party Committee, pointed out: "The idea of' harmony between man and nature' should be said that' harmony between man and nature' is the ideological crystallization of the whole Chinese nation and the most perfect ecological wisdom of the Chinese nation. However, as a grassland culture, the idea of "harmony between man and nature" has obvious characteristics compared with the idea of "harmony between man and nature" in Central Plains culture. The concept of "harmony between man and nature" in grassland culture not only regards man as a part of "heaven" (nature), but also regards "heaven" (nature) as the object of worship, and advocates and cherishes nature with a feeling of awe and admiration. This feature directly leads to grassland culture naturally turning the concept of "harmony between man and nature" into a code of conduct, and bringing the harmonious coexistence between man and nature to the extreme. Therefore, under the situation that the development of human production in the contemporary world is generally facing an increasingly severe ecological environment, the advanced ecological concept inherent in grassland culture based on nomadic civilization in history shows new vitality and value, which is really a rare source of thought. " Since prehistoric times, the Mongolian, Tibetan and other ethnic minorities in the north of China have formed fine traditions and consciousness of protecting nature (including religion), and formed a variety of worship, such as heaven and earth worship, mountain worship, tree worship, aquatic plant worship, totem worship and so on. This concept of large ecosystem is the inevitable product of the harmonious and unified object relationship between Mongolian nomadic industry and nature and its objectified activity mode. According to the principle of institutional economics, institutional system can be composed of formal general external system, namely external rules and internalized moral norms, namely internal rules. When the internal rules of a system conflict with the external rules, various problems will arise. At this time, the inherent rule-morality is needed to form spontaneous obedience. Therefore, a measure, such as the implementation of grassland ecological environment protection, can not be guaranteed only by external systems and other coercive means, but also by people's consciousness. According to statistics, only 3 ~ 7% of all specifications can be implemented at any time by compulsory means.
Second, the relationship between grassland ecological environment and economic development
(1) As an important economic factor, grassland ecological environment is the basis and factor of economic development. Under the condition that the environment is completely destroyed, no economic behavior can happen. Of course, the premise of economic development does not exist. When talking about the relationship between economic development and human beings and the environment, René Passer, a French economist, pointed out: "We should keep the environment running, because life, especially human life, and economic activities depend on the environment.
If you destroy the environment, you will destroy everything, including the economy. As Daley, a famous American environmental economist, pointed out, "Economists are used to thinking that nature is endless relative to economy, so it is not scarce, so its price is zero." He also pointed out that "neoclassical classics"
The production function in economics is at least consistent with the concept in national economic accounting, that is, GDP is the sum of added value generated through labor and capital. Because they usually only regard what they produce as a function of two inputs-labor and capital. In other words, the value-added of labor and capital in production is not attached to anything, even worthless neutral substances. But value cannot be attached to something, nor can it be attached to ashes, dust, rust and heat energy dissipated into the ocean and atmosphere. ""But nature is scarce, and with the continuous growth of production capacity, it is getting scarcer every day. "
(2) The significance of grassland ecological environment to economic development lies in its externalities, and the economic value of grassland is also reflected in its huge externalities.
Make love. The so-called externality refers to "whenever the behavior of economic parties affects the other party in various ways and is not reflected in market transactions."
When the parties take action, externalities will appear. In recent years, British scholar Pierce and others have systematically discussed the composition of the total economic volume of environmental resources from the concept. Pierce believes that the economic value of environmental resources contains many values or components. Resource economics divides natural resources into output and non-output categories, corresponding to use value and non-use value. The former refers to the economic value of natural resources that can be directly used in the production process and consumption, such as forage grass, or its transformed products-meat, milk, wool, skin, etc. Some are easy to measure the market price directly in the market, while others are difficult to measure. Its market purchase price can be used as reference value, but its actual use value may exceed the market purchase price. This part of the value also includes other uses
Efficiency, but it is not directly used in the production process or consumption, not directly exchanged in the market, its value can only be indirectly expressed. Generally speaking, this value corresponds to what ecologists call ecological function. To understand the economic value of grassland, it is necessary to establish a holistic view beyond the value of grassland itself in space. The destruction of grassland ecology has gone beyond the local interests of this space and has spread and migrated to neighboring areas and further regions. The destruction of China's grasslands will directly endanger North China, China as a whole, and even have an impact on the world. In terms of time, the time effect of grassland ecological benefits is also more lasting than that of economic benefits. The performance of economic benefits generally ends with the completion of an economic operation cycle, and ecological benefits will inevitably affect the next round or even the next few rounds of ecosystem operation. According to the viewpoint of ecological economics, ecological benefits refer to all the values beneficial to human beings in the ecosystem and its influence range, including the values provided by life system and environmental system, the overall benefits of the unity of life system and environmental system, and the material and spiritual benefits provided by the above objects, while economic benefits are only the part of all the benefits of the ecosystem that has been developed and utilized by people and has been manifested as economic forms.
(III) Bio-economic Significance of Grassland Ecological Environment to Economic Development Just as IT was hard for people to imagine that information technology (IT) would have such a profound and extensive impact on the world economy and human life in the 1950s and 1960s, the prediction that biotechnology (BT) will definitely surpass information technology will come true in the 2nd1century. Zhu Chen, vice president of China Academy of Sciences, believes that "when biotechnology and its indirectly driven industries can account for 50% of GDP, we will say that the era of bio-economy has arrived." He also pointed out that "life science and biotechnology may play a more important role in human society and even human evolution than information technology." As an expert pointed out, the Internet has only brought about a great revolution in human information exchange, and the revolution in the field of genes can fundamentally change the fate of mankind. Relevant statistics show that the global biotechnology industry sales will double every five years, and the growth rate is as high as 25%-30%, which is about 10 times of the world economic growth rate. Grassland in China is an important foundation of bio-economy.
There are more than 4000 species of grasses in the grasslands of northern China, including 45 species of constructive species, and Gramineae ranks first, with about 33 species. China is the country with the richest forage resources in the world, and there are wild species in most excellent cultivated forage in the world. Wild animals are very rich. These are pregnant with precious biological gene resources.
Third, the relationship between grassland culture and economic development.
(1) Grassland culture is the comparative advantage of economic development. From the economic point of view, due to the uniqueness of grassland culture itself, the scarcity and irreplaceable characteristics derived from it are the core competitiveness of economic development, which can transform cultural value into economic value. Especially under the social trend that people advocate ecological civilization and green civilization and attach importance to improving the quality of life, the brand of "grassland culture" famous for its pollution-free and pure natural green products is very popular, and the economic articles on "grassland culture" are promising. Well-known enterprises and products such as Yili, Mengniu, Erdos, Wang Lu, Little Sheep, Grassland Xingfa, Hetao Flour, etc. went to the whole country and the world by relying on the profound grassland culture. Michael E Porter, a famous American strategist and professor of Harvard Business School, published in 1980.
In the book Competitive Strategy, the author puts forward three commonly used competitive strategies, namely, cost leading strategy, differentiation strategy, specialization strategy and grassland text.
Culture endows grassland area and grassland products with these three characteristics. For example, grassland nomadic economy has the characteristics of low cost, difference and relative specificity, so it is competitive.
(2) The attention economic function of grassland culture. herbert simon, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, first raised the issue of attention economy. In the modern society where the competition is fierce and the pace of work and life is greatly accelerated, people's leisure consumption demand for self-cultivation makes people pay more and more attention to grassland culture, thus producing the economic function of attention. Grassland culture can meet people's curiosity and relaxation needs. Zhao Changhai, a planning expert in China, believes that in the process of commercial development in China, enterprises in coastal areas rely on policy advantages and geographical advantages to promote regional economic development, while we are in Inner Mongolia.
If our enterprise wants to develop, it is necessary to make good use of the "trademark" of grassland culture. Take advantage of people's mysterious side of grassland culture to absorb funds, attract consumer groups, and let our enterprises in Inner Mongolia go to domestic and international markets.
(3) The economic value of grassland cultural industry itself. Cultural industry is a new industry that forms the industrialization process through the development of cultural resources, meets the cultural needs and spiritual consumption of the masses, and creates spiritual wealth and economic benefits. With the progress of social economy and the increase of material wealth, people have an increasing demand for cultural consumption after meeting their basic material consumption needs. People pay for appreciating historical and cultural heritage and regional national culture. In recent years, some foreign experts have classified the information industry as the fourth industry and the cultural industry as the fifth industry on the basis of the traditional three-industry division. It is believed that the cultural industry is the sunrise industry with the most development potential in the future. The ancient and magical calendar in Inner Mongolia
Historical and cultural resources are rich and colorful national cultural resources, which contain great value in developing grassland culture and cultural industry.
Fourthly, the relationship between economic development and the protection of grassland ecological environment and grassland culture.
(1) Oppose "ecological fundamentalism" that completely excludes foreign economic factors and cultures.
The so-called "ecological fundamentalism" is to give absolute priority to nature protection, which has nothing to do with the basic values of human beings, and will override human desires such as freedom, prosperity, security and justice and pursue superhuman values. In today's world economic integration, it is impossible to do so. As Marx and Engels profoundly predicted in the Manifesto of the Productive Party, the industrial revolution and the bourgeoisie "opened the world market and made the production and consumption of all countries in the world possible", and "the self-sufficiency and closed-door state of local and ethnic groups in the past was replaced by the mutual exchanges and interdependence of all ethnic groups." As an open grassland culture, it never excludes foreign cultures, but is inclusive and absorbs its essence for our use.
(2) Reasonable economic development has laid a material foundation for protecting grassland ecological environment and grassland culture. Professor Misas, President of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and a famous Egyptian desert scholar, said: "Poverty is a factor of desertification, which forces people to abandon the traditional natural recycling production technology." West African aborigines
Said: "The poor make the land barren; Poor land produces poor people. "1955, American economist Kuznets, Ti
The famous inverted U-shaped hypothesis of economic growth and income distribution is put forward: in the period of insufficient economic development, income distribution will tend to be unequal with economic development. After that, the income distribution has not changed much for a while. When the economy is fully developed, the income distribution will tend to be equal. This assumption is called Kuznets curve by later generations. Many environmental economists have found that the relationship between environmental deterioration and economic development level may also follow this inverted U-shape. In the early stage of industrialization or the low stage of economic development, the environment is less affected because of the low economic level. During the period of accelerated industrialization or economic take-off, the consumption of natural resources, the discharge of waste and waste gas exceeded the self-treatment capacity of the environment, and the environment deteriorated seriously. However, once it reaches a higher stage of post-industrial society or economic development, due to the improvement of the technical level of production equipment, the trend of industrial upgrading and the enhancement of environmental awareness, the environmental situation has gradually improved. This hypothetical law is called environmental Kuznets by environmental economists.
The curve further illustrates the relationship between economic development and the protection of grassland ecological environment and grassland culture.
(3) Only by developing pastoral economy under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development can we protect grassland ecological environment and grassland culture. In the view of environmental economics, the economic behavior blindly aiming at economic development has caused and will cause considerable damage to human natural environment and natural resources, endangering human long-term interests. Manfred Maxwell, a famous scholar, pointed out: "From the perspective of economic development, even if cumulative indicators such as GNP are used indiscriminately to measure the quality of all market transactions, whether they are productive, unproductive or destructive, it is like a group of patients desperately abusing drugs and medical facilities, and the dosage and cost are increasing, but how to improve the health of patients is unknown." In recent years, under the guidance of the policy of industrialization, urbanization and modernization, extensive mining and indiscriminate mining have gone against Scientific Outlook on Development without environmental assessment and legal procedures. Therefore, the implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, such as stocking livestock within the carrying capacity of livestock, rational exploitation after full scientific argumentation, and respecting herdsmen's economic dominant position, such as reasonable grassland reclamation and land expropriation compensation, can handle the relationship between economic development, grassland ecological environment protection and grassland culture promotion, realize economic growth, ecological optimization and cultural development, and achieve a win-win situation.
Theoretical research in February 2006