Rich mineral resources are the resource advantages of the surrounding countries in the Altay region, and constitute the resource base for the Altay region to utilize the resources of surrounding countries.

The first and second sections elaborate on the metallogenic background, metallogenic geological conditions and laws of the Altai metallogenic belt, and analyze and study the mineral resource exploration and development status of the countries surrounding the Altay region.

This section mainly analyzes the mining investment environment of neighboring countries. If the resource base is hardware, then the investment environment, policies, etc. constitute the "software" for the Altay region to utilize the mineral resources of neighboring countries.

Only by organically combining software and hardware and using the resources of neighboring countries can we be more targeted and practical.

The following is explained by country.

1. Russia (1) Mining Laws and Regulations In May 2008, Russia officially implemented the "Russian Law on Restricting Foreign Investment from Entering Strategic Industries."

Russia has always maintained a very cautious attitude towards foreign investment in industries involving the country's lifeline. It has implemented several temporary laws and regulations, but it has always lacked unified legislation to regulate, and the existing laws are not systematic.

The new law stipulates that 42 business activities in 13 categories are considered strategic industries and restrict the entry of foreign investment.

Strategic industries related to mining development are: geological research or resource exploration and mining of underground resources within federal-level underground resource blocks.

The criteria for strategic mineral deposits are: controlling interest in federal underground resource companies shall not exceed 5%.

According to information from the Russian Ministry of Industry and Energy, strategic mineral deposits (oil and gas fields) include uranium, diamond, pure quartz, nickel, niobium, platinum group metals, cobalt, beryllium, lithium, primary gold (reserves of more than 50 tons), copper (reserves of more than 50 tons)

500,000 tons or more) and other radioactive, non-ferrous metals and rare and dispersed element minerals; oil (reserves of more than 70 million tons), natural gas (reserves of more than 50 billion m3) and other energy minerals.

The new standards for strategic mineral deposits (oil and gas fields) are much lower than those previously stipulated for oil and gas fields. Therefore, a considerable number of oil and gas fields are classified as strategic oil and gas fields, including 30 oil fields and 40 gas fields.

Three copper deposits, including Udokan, are listed as strategic deposits.

Gold mine, Sukhoy Log (Sukhoy Log) gold mine is listed as a strategic mineral deposit.

According to the standards set by the new law, Gazprom, Lukoil, Rosneft, Surgatyneftneft, Tatarneft, TNK-BP, Alros Mining, Noril Nickel

Giants in the resource extraction industry such as natural monopolies including about 7,000 companies and enterprises in the power sector, regional power grid organizations and natural gas distribution will all be included in the strategic enterprises. Their number will account for more than half of all industries, and their output value will be

Accounting for about 50% to 60% of Russia's GDP.

The application and approval procedures for foreign investment in Russia to enter strategic industries should be simplified as much as possible, a consultation process for coordinating the country's unified position should be determined at the federal government level, and the "one window" principle should be implemented for the entry and exit of foreign investment.

The level of review is high. If a foreign-funded enterprise wishes to obtain more than 10% of the controlling stake in a related company or underground resource block project that is of strategic significance according to the law, it must submit an application to the relevant full authority (previously to the Russian Federal Antimonopoly Service)

, and will be reviewed by a special interdepartmental committee led by the Federal Security Council, of which the Russian Prime Minister will serve as chairman.

If the project is deemed to threaten national security, the application will be forwarded to the government for review, with the Prime Minister making the final decision.

Under normal circumstances, this process takes about 3 months. Under special circumstances, the review process can be extended by 3 months.

The law does not involve transactions that have been completed before the law is enacted, but all foreign companies holding more than 5% of the shares of Russian companies in strategic industries must register their holdings with the Russian government.

Russia has accelerated the pace of promulgating new laws to meet the needs of its accession to the WTO. Its guiding ideology is to comply with the needs of the WTO as much as possible in accordance with international practices, while taking into account the needs of domestic industrial structure adjustment and trying to conform to national interests.

The industries and fields stipulated in the new law have set restrictions for foreign investment, which will become one of the market protection measures to resist the impact of foreign investment on related industries in Russia.

From the perspective of international mining development cooperation, the implementation of the new law has made it more difficult for foreign investors to invest in mining development in Russia.

(2) Mineral Resources Tax and Fee Policy Russia’s resolution on “Mineral Raw Material Base Reproduction Commission” that took effect on January 1, 1996 stipulates the mining payment and mineral raw material base reproduction commission in the payment for underground resource use rights.

The mineral raw material base reproduction fund is extracted according to a certain ratio of the sales of mineral products. The ratios are different for different types of minerals, such as 10% for oil and gas, 3.7% for iron ore, etc. (Table 5-12).

Table 5-12 Russia’s mineral raw material base reproduction commission ratio Data source: Song Guoming, Information Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources, Land and Resources Intelligence, 2002. Starting from January 1, 2002, Russia began to collect mineral resource exploitation taxes.

The commission system for the reproduction of mineral raw material bases has been cancelled.