(Sima Qian's Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) ② Chen Ye is from Yangcheng. (Sima Qian's Chen She Family) (3) Teacher, so preaching is also an answer.
(Han Yu's "Shi Shuo") (2) At the end of the sentence, use the "Zhe Ye" table to judge that Xu Gong in the north of the city is also a beauty of Qi. (The Warring States Policy. Zou Ji's satire can be trained ") 2 refers to chrysanthemums, and the flowers are hidden; Peony, blooming with wealth; Lotus, the gentleman of flowers.
(Zhou Dunyi's "Love Lotus") (3) Judging from the "Zhe" table, four people, Lu, the father of Changle Wang, Yu's father and An Shangchun's father. (Wang Anshi's trip to Baochan) (4) Judging from the verb "for" or the judgment word "yes" ① Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Kansai, which is a future trouble.
(Sima Guang's "Battle of Red Cliffs") (2) Ask what happened today, I wonder if there is Han, no matter Wei and Jin Dynasties. (Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Garden") ③ After twelve years of traveling together, I didn't know that Mulan was a woman.
(Northern Dynasty folk song "Mulan Poem") ④ We are all unhappy-forever and ever, we meet. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? . (Bai Juyi's Pipa Xing) ⑤ Use adverbs such as "namely", "nai", "then", "all", "sincerity", "element" and "Jiang" to express positive judgments.
"This is a crucial autumn." (Zhuge Liang's Model) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
(Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower) 3 and * * *. (Sima Qian's Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) ④ I want fish and bear's paw.
(Zhuangzi's "The Fish I Want") (6) Negative judgment with "No" (1) If the child is not me, do you know that I don't know the joy of fish? (Zhuangzi Qiushui) (2) Although the six countries were broken, the soldiers were unfavorable and the war was not good. Disadvantages are that the city is not high, the pool is not deep, and the military revolution is not firm ... (Mencius "helps the Tao more, and helps the losers less") (7) No verdict has been signed. Some judgments in classical Chinese are unmarked, and nouns are judged directly.
For example: ① Liu Bei is fierce in the world. (Sima Guang's Battle of Red Cliffs) His sword fell into the water from the boat. He agreed with his boat and said, "My sword fell from the boat."
This underlined sentence is also a judgment sentence. The subject is translated from "yes" to "this"; Predicate is a noun phrase, which is formed by the structure of words.
This is where my sword fell. Note: the word "yes" before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment sentence, but an indicative pronoun, which is the subject of the judgment sentence. However, the word "Shi" in some judgment sentences does not always indicate judgment. In pre-Qin ancient Chinese, "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word, but it was more used as a judgment word after Han Dynasty.
This paragraph edits a passive sentence, which means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and patient of the behavior expressed by the predicate verb, not the active and implementer. There are mainly two kinds of passive sentences: one is marked passive sentences, which are expressed by some passive verbs, and the other is unmarked passive sentences, also called ideational passive sentences.
(1) There are four marked passive sentence patterns in ancient Chinese: (1) Use "Yu" to express the passive relationship. The initiator of the preposition "Yu" leads to the behavior. "Yu" after the verb takes the form of "verb+Yu+initiator".
For example, Wang Jian is a bird of Qin. The word "Yu" in the sentence (bird, through "catching") is used after the verb "bird", which leads to the active person being called "Qin", indicating passivity.
"Yu" can be translated as "Bei" This passive sentence has two conditions: one is that the subject is passive, and the other is that there is the word "Yu" in the sentence.
(2) Use "look" to express the passive relationship. Use "Jian" before the verb or "Yu" after the verb to express initiative.
Its form is "see+verb" or "see+verb+Yu+initiative". For example: ① Qin Cheng was afraid of not getting it and only saw bullying.
(Sima Qian's Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (2) Afraid of being bullied by the King and losing Zhao. I'm afraid I was cheated by you. I'm sorry, Zhao.
"Wei" is placed in front of the verb to lead to the initiator of the behavior, and its form is "Wei+initiator+verb" or "Wei+initiator+verb". For example, if you go back on your word, the minister dies and your wife is killed, it is not good for you.
If I betray what he said, I will die and my wife and children will be killed, which is not good for you. ) 2 The hut was broken by the autumn wind (Du Fu's "The hut was broken by the autumn wind") 3 Wu Guangsu loved his wife, and his foot soldiers were mostly users. (Sima Qian's Chen She Family) (4) If you don't hurry today, you may be the first to fuck.
(Sima Guang's Battle of Red Cliffs) (5) It was so powerful that it was robbed by the Qin people. (Su Xun's Six Kingdoms) 6 If you don't, if you are all, you will be captured.
(Sima Qian's "The Hongmen Banquet") (4) Use "longevity", "preparedness" and "longevity … in" to express the passive relationship. Its form is "Bei (shou)+verb" or "Bei (shou)+verb+Yu+initiative".
For example: ① Believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander, can you have no complaints? ("Seeing" is also passive) (Sima Qian's Biography of Qu Yuan) 2 Yu Youji was arrested and looked forward to Ding Mao's March. "(Zhang Pu's" Five Graves ") (3) I can't give Wu Zhiquan the land, and hundreds of people are subject to others.
(Sima Guang's Battle of Red Cliffs) (2) The unmarked passive sentence in ancient Chinese refers to the passive sentence without passive verbs, that is, the ideological passive sentence, which needs to be judged according to the semantics of the context. For example: ① Jingzhou people are attached to operators, forcing soldiers to take advantage of the situation.
(Zi Tongzhi Jian) Here, "forced by military intelligence" means "forced by military intelligence". (2) The creeping weeds are still unstoppable. Is Kuang Jun a pet brother? (Zuo Zhuan Zheng Boke Duan Yan Yu) ③ Fu Shuo was held in the building, and the glue was held in the fish salt ... (Mencius was born in sorrow and died in happiness) Note: "See" has a special usage very similar to the passive form of "see", such as: "When Ji Jun is angry."
The word "Jian" here is not passive, but a polite way to express how to treat yourself before a verb, such as "forgive me" in modern Chinese. "When the child is born in June, the loving father will see his back."
(Chen Qingbiao) The word "seeing" does not mean being passive, but can be understood as "me". Also, "if you see the record, I hope you will come soon."
Peacocks fly southeast.
2. How to quickly master the three learning skills of classical Chinese The most important thing in Chinese is to accumulate, prepare a special notebook, often look up the dictionary in your usual study, record some words that are easy to make mistakes and uncommon words, and use your spare time to read and remember more, and gradually accumulate and form habits.
It's best to remember some idioms in books and translate them. There are also some miscellaneous things, such as: ancient poems, couplets, some classic usages of classical Chinese content words and classical Chinese function words, the author's life introduction, representative works and so on.
It depends on your own situation. Browse it often, and you will soon master it.
Interrupting classical Chinese with function words: When function words (especially modal particles) appear in classical Chinese, they are often the places where sentences are broken. In classical Chinese, the common words placed at the beginning of sentences are: Fu, Gai, Yan, Wei, Si, etc. The modal particles placed at the end of the sentence are: ye, ye, Hu, zai, he (ye), Yan, ye (evil), etc. The function words in the sentence are: zhi, qi, yi, Wei, he, Yu, and then.
Classical Chinese translation skills (senior high school) 1, screening method. First, extract the consistency of ancient and modern Chinese and translate the easy-to-understand content; Then, circle the places that can't be translated into modern Chinese or don't need to be translated, and gradually screen them; After that, what we don't understand at all is highlighted, which also grasps the difficulty of full-text translation.
2. speculation. Put the selected difficulties into the original sentence to speculate, and know which person and event the author is aiming at in the biographical article, and then we can roughly infer its basic meaning according to the context.
3. Coordination method. On the basis of the overall content of the article, we should also pay attention to the coordination before and after the article and the fluency of sentences.
Make the ancient prose consistent with the present text and deepen the understanding of the content of the ancient prose. Improve your Chinese learning ability in primary and secondary schools.
3. What are the skills of filtering and extracting information from reading classical Chinese? If the text is argumentative; The first is to summarize the integrity.
The third step is the original words in the article; Find out the reason for the record. In short, in order to further understand the main idea of the article, and then contact the context test, the extracurricular classical Chinese ability comes from the transfer in class.
Explaining words and paying attention to the changes of expressions are naturally inseparable from characters. The extracurricular reading ability of classical Chinese can't solve the related problems and characters in one breath through reading, commenting and the theme of the article. Specifically, it can promote us to read all the materials, the cause of an event and the full text in the reading process. Argumentative style.
Secondly. Enter the classical Chinese and take a dip. Ask students to analyze and classify the content of the article on the basis of understanding the meaning of the text, and express what they want in their own words; The information that reflects the moral sentiment or intelligence of the characters, the extracurricular classical Chinese ability comes from accumulation and extension; Try to figure out the tone of the character's language; Display information about the behavior characteristics of characters, such as using the context of the article itself. To make a comprehensive judgment on the mentioned events or reasons, the author's emotional attitude should consider several aspects. Reading characters' words and deeds and extracurricular classical Chinese ability all come from repeated training. Therefore. Read through the following five tasks. While grasping the characters' images, we should pay attention to the description of the characters, instead of generalizing and the results of some developments. It is logical to enhance the aesthetic ability, write the general meaning of the sentence and the topic of the proposition, and grasp the main idea of the article; If you know the content and comprehensiveness of the statement, it is impossible to answer the question correctly.
Views and attitudes, with a brief discussion at the beginning or end; Experience its philosophy in real life. Doing classical Chinese reading problems can be divided into three steps. When solving problems, persevere, first of all, use the meaning of the learned classical Chinese content words, suit the remedy to the case, and train repeatedly; Then translate freely. First, literal translation; This makes it easier to review and do more in-depth thinking, process and results; Narrative style; The second is the accuracy of generalization; See if the author has any comments in the narrative. After understanding the main plot content, appropriateness rather than absoluteness, whether there is a difference between the two, and paying attention to the direction of action, we must find out the sentences that show the argument, thus reflecting the understanding of the article; The information reflecting the wishes and thoughts of the characters is tested to be fluent:
The first step; The basis of the argument.
Sentence translation questions.
Summarize the topic, summarize it appropriately, and feel it as a whole. Many students often don't read the article carefully, so as to understand the real intention of the characters.
Classical Chinese handed down from ancient times are mostly classics, each with its own opinions, ancient and modern synonyms and so on. They should be able to analyze as required, shining with the thoughts and wisdom of ancient writers and being forgotten. In-depth articles or translations in modern Chinese.
The second step is to give the correct answer and enrich the emotional experience. Pay attention to two points at the same time, see the details and how the relationship is. Pay attention to reading these details; Pay attention to the characteristics of narrative methods.
Extracurricular classical Chinese should be simulated according to the reading requirements of classical Chinese in class, which is not exaggerated and can have a unique personal emotional experience; Characters' thoughts and personalities, etc. Grasp the characters, explain the meaning of the keywords in the draft, and ask for evidence; Information that shows a character's personality and emotions. To sum up the author's views and attitudes in the article, we can make the past serve the present without narrowing it, and recite the body odor according to the stylistic characteristics; For the content of extracurricular classical Chinese, find arguments to support the argument. This is a comprehensive ability to further improve on the basis of understanding the meaning of the text. List literary common sense in classical Chinese and read articles intensively. There should be a systematic and comprehensive review of classical Chinese in class, and a few articles will be clear to people. Finally, let's see what methods are used to prove the argument, especially some detailed descriptions can often convey the quality and heart of the characters. Translated sentences should be translated freely on the basis of literal translation, not just in the text to find the answer, the author's point of view is the argument of the article; For the sentences with rich meanings selected in extracurricular essays, the author's views and attitudes are often integrated into the characters and events he describes, expressing the ancient people's persistent pursuit of the ideal of truth, goodness and beauty, and prescribing the right medicine; When summarizing the essence of a phenomenon, we should grasp these characteristics, such as. The information content involved in the extraction is. On the basis of understanding the content of the text; Briefly analyze who participated in the content of the record. I don't understand this article, so I understand its main idea.
Screening information questions will improve your ability unconsciously; The reason and result of things happen, first of all, we should master the reading method, which is based on understanding the article, and we should accumulate it carefully to increase the wisdom of life.
4. How to solve the problem of reading classical Chinese? How to read classical Chinese paragraphs? What did you do? What was the result? Why? Read this article carefully and silently twice.
Pay attention to the comments after the paragraph, which are usually helpful. Personal names, place names, official names, material names and legal names should be excluded as far as possible.
Words and phrases that play a key role in understanding paragraphs should be deduced in connection with the context. Read the last topic about content analysis carefully and grasp the general idea of the paragraph.
Must be used at the same time Or other signs to remind yourself. 1 1.
Infer interchangeable words from the same pronunciation. Explain the words before and after with intertextuality.
Compare and infer the meaning of words with idioms. Contact the context, give consideration to both before and after, and be consistent.
Understanding of notional words: it is wrong to bring the given meaning into the original text smoothly. The definition of notional words that I haven't heard is often right, just disturbing you.
Skills of answering questions with different meanings in ancient and modern times: There were many monosyllabic words in ancient times, so when you see disyllabic words similar to modern Chinese, you should try to understand the ancient meanings separately. Be specific and vivid.
The meaning of individual interpretation is placed in a specific language environment and is consistent with the context. The four options are compared and weighed to improve the accuracy.
Different meanings in ancient and modern times: bringing the present meaning of a word into the original text, the general rule is right, and it is wrong if it is not. 12. Writing skills of function words in classical Chinese: translate this function word in classical Chinese into modern Chinese, and compare it to see if it is translated into the same word.
Understand the function words in the translation first, and then compare the function words in the paragraphs. Connect the overall meaning of the sentence with the meaning of the context, and pay attention to distinguish the relationship between the contexts.
With the help of sentence structure, we can see whether the parts of speech and function words in the two sentences are the same. Comparison of function words: in each group, we use another sentence given by high school to infer the function word usage of the sentence in the text.
13. answering skills of information screening questions: see the requirements of the questions clearly and ponder word by word. Choose one or two sentences that don't match, and exclude some options.
Considering the context, the critical discourse of the general author cannot be used as an option, and the praise of others can be considered. Personality performance questions: answering skills: first find out the options that can't express the required task personality in the questions, and choose them by exclusion.
Pay special attention to whose character. 14. answering skills of content induction questions: find out the options in the paragraph and explain the corresponding sentences, one by one.
A statement that focuses on analysis and discussion. Grasp the meaning of the text roughly.
Errors in narration or analysis are only at a certain point, mainly in reverse order, out of thin air and so on. Grasp the theme of the full text: paying attention to whether the deeds of the characters are arrogant, whether the time of the incident is accurate, whether the statements of the characters are appropriate, and paying attention to the full text is "loyal minister" rather than "disloyal minister".
In short: the selected articles are often short stories and resumes of ancient sages and good ministers, so the meaning is not difficult to understand, but it is still quite laborious to implement them in individual words, but it is not terrible if you can be bold and cautious. Don't worry when you come across words you really don't understand. Look down first. Maybe you will understand them later, or you can find the answer in the topic. Don't get into trouble if it doesn't affect the problem. If you don't understand, you won't understand If you can't explain it, you can often consider whether it is fake or alive.
Sentence translation: answering skills: roughly understand the whole article and grasp the tendency of the article. Understand the meaning of translation context in detail.
Translate word for word, correct, leave, delete, supplement and adjust. Grasping the translation of key words in sentences should correspond to the context, and these words are the scoring points.
Deduce the meaning of words in the text from modern words and idioms. Pay attention to the flexible use of parts of speech, inverted sentences, general function words and compound words with partial meanings.
Complex sentences should be analyzed from sentence components, grasp the trunk and pay attention to the relationship between sentences. Free translation is derived from the context, not limited to the original structure, from reality to emptiness.
Combine into sentences, which are smooth before and after. It must be translated literally, and generally free translation is not allowed. It must be implemented in every word and be faithful to the original.
First of all, every word in the sentence should be interpreted as modern Chinese. (Xin) ② The most common translation method of single words is to replace monosyllabic words commonly used in ancient Chinese with disyllabic words commonly used in modern Chinese.
Don't translate special nouns such as names and places, and don't be smart. (3) Then connect these words into sentences, which should conform to modern people's speaking habits.
("Da") (4) When connecting words into sentences, pay attention to changing as much as possible, make up what is needed, and adjust them in order. Make sentences complete and fluent.
⑤ Individual words are really meaningless. Try to see if they are casual or flexible. Reading scientific articles pays attention to the whole reading, and explanatory words grasp the basic concepts and the words that explain the basic concepts; Argumentative essays grasp the basic ideas and the words that explain them.
Read the first and last paragraphs carefully and repeat each paragraph in your mind. Mark the sentences that reveal the theme and structure of the article, and name pronouns, related words and signs with strokes.
Read the topic and find out the corresponding area of branch selection. The content and title of the article correspond.
The overall problem-solving skill of scientific and technological articles is to turn negative statements into positive statements in the trunk of the problem. If there is a stem of words such as "basis", "evidence" and "reason", there should be a causal relationship between the options and the stem.
Use pronouns instead of pronouns to make pronouns consistent with pronouns. Find out the content area related to the option and compare the option with the content of the article word by word.
Derivation options should be based on the original text, with cause and effect. Pay attention to what happened before, cause and effect, first and then, exaggeration and narrowing, and the difference between parts and the whole.
Normal mistakes include intentional confusion, generalization, making out of nothing, pretending to be wrong, changing concepts, reversing cause and effect, imposing cause and effect, and arbitrarily dividing. 7. Skills of answering conceptual word comprehension questions: Find out the content areas corresponding to the options, underline the corresponding sentences in the article, connect the original meanings of the words, and grasp the contextual meaning.
8. Answering skills of sentence comprehension questions: clarify the structural relationship of complex sentences and analyze some sentence components appropriately. Secondly, we should seriously think about modifiers, which is the focus of option comparison.
Find out the corresponding explanation in the text and compare it word for word with the options. Analyze causality.
Clear the order. Check whether the explanation of this option is consistent with the tendency of the whole article or paragraph.
9, information screening questions answering skills: find out the content areas corresponding to the options, and filter them in turn. The original content and.
5. Six principles of network information screening.
The principle of authority refers to authoritative sources, such as authoritative scholars, authoritative academic journals and official website. In the case of 1, the speeches made by Robert, the leader of WHO expert group and an epidemiologist, and Zhong Nanshan, an academician of China Academy of Sciences, as well as the reports of the world authoritative magazine Science are authoritative.
The principle of multi-channel repeatability means that multiple channels transmit the same information. For example, many authoritative scholars in different disciplines independently test and get the same information, so they have multiple reliability. In the case of 1, many epidemiologists think so, and many virologists think so according to gene sequencing, so the information has double reliability.
The principle of timeliness refers to the time effectiveness of information release. For example, the information released by authoritative sources recently is more reliable than the information released for the same problem before. In case two, the data released by WWF in February 2003 is more reliable than the statistics of scientists in June 2000.
Logical principle refers to the use of comparison and classification, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and generalization, induction and deduction and other logical methods to draw reasonable conclusions from known facts. In the case of 1, vendors and breeders of wild animals and the first batch of people infected with SARS all had contact history with civets, so it can be inferred that civets are related to SARS virus.
The principle of positivism means that all conclusions should be provided with conclusive evidence by scientific experiments. In the case of 1, both the Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences and the deputy head of the Guangdong SARS medical treatment expert group raised questions, but they were not credible because there was no evidence.
The principle of representativeness means that China Agricultural University has not found SARS-like virus in 76 civets, which does not mean that all civets are not virus carriers.
For the six principles, some are necessary, while others are not necessarily at the same time.