Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is the mausoleum of the great revolutionary forerunner Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866 ~ 1925).
The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum faces south, in which the memorial hall is a palace-like building with three arches, and the lintel is engraved with banners of "nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood". A marble statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen is placed in the memorial hall, and the wall is engraved with the full text of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's handwritten Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China.
The main buildings of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum include memorial archway, tomb entrance, tablet pavilion, memorial hall and tomb room. Looking down from the air, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum looks like a "liberty bell" lying on a green carpet. The bronze statue of Mr. Zhongshan at the foot of the mountain is the spire of the bell, the half-moon square is the arc of the bell top, and the dome of the tomb at the top of the tomb is like a pendulum hammer.
It was called Jinling Mountain in ancient times, and Zijin Mountain * * * has three east-west peaks. The main peak is north peak, and the others are Tianbao Mountain and Maoshan Mountain, where the famous Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is located. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, a great statesman in modern China. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum faces south, in which the memorial hall is a palace-like building with three arches, and the lintel is engraved with the banner of "nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood". A marble statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen is placed in the memorial hall, and the wall is engraved with the full text of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's handwritten Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum started construction in the spring of 1926 and was completed in the summer of 1929. It covers an area of more than 8, square meters. The main buildings are: memorial archway, tomb road, tomb gate, tablet pavilion, memorial hall and tomb. Looking down from the air, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum looks like a "liberty bell" lying on a green carpet. The bronze statue of Mr. Zhongshan at the foot of the mountain is the spire of the bell, the half-moon square is the arc of the bell top, and the dome of the tomb at the top of the tomb is like a pendulum hammer. At that time, Dr. Sun Yat-sen's funeral preparation office extensively collected mausoleum design plans. As a result, the "liberty bell" pattern designed by architect Lv Yanzhi won the first prize. Lv Yanzhi was also hired as the chief architect of the mausoleum. This group of buildings has achieved good results in the combination of shapes, color application, material expression and detail treatment, and the colors are harmonious, thus enhancing the solemn atmosphere. At the entrance of the mausoleum, there is a tall granite archway with the word "fraternity" written by Dr. Zhongshan in gold. From the archway to the altar, there are 392 stone steps and 8 platforms. The steps are made of Suzhou granite. This is a palace-like memorial hall. The lintel of the memorial hall is engraved with the words "Heaven and Earth are upright" written by Sun Yat-sen in calligraphy. There is a marble statue of Mr. Zhongshan in the hall, which is 4.6 meters high and vivid. It is the masterpiece of the world famous sculptor Paul Landowski. There are reliefs reflecting the revolutionary deeds of Mr. Zhongshan around the statue. The marble of the east and west retaining walls of the memorial hall is engraved with Dr. Sun Yat-sen's handwritten posthumous work "Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China". There is a double tomb door behind the hall, two front doors are made of copper, and the door frames are made of black marble. There is a banner written by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in calligraphy, "Great Spirit Ends". The double door is made of a single copper fan, and the stone carving of "the tomb of Dr. Sun Yat-sen" is engraved on the door. The entrance is a circular tomb with a diameter of 18 meters and a height of 11 meters. In the center is a long tomb with a white marble statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen lying on it and the body of Dr. Sun Yat-sen buried below. The tomb is 5 meters deep and sealed with reinforced concrete. After the liberation of Nanjing, when Liu Bocheng was mayor, he specially shipped 2, Chinese fir trees and buttonwood trees from Hunan and planted them here. Over the past 3 years, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum has been continuously renovated and expanded, and the whole garden area has reached more than 3, hectares. Around the mausoleum, it is lush and beautiful.
at the entrance to the mausoleum, there is a tall granite archway with the word "fraternity" written by Dr. Zhongshan in gold. From the archway to the altar, there are 392 stone steps and 8 platforms. Here is a palace-like memorial hall, and the lintel of the memorial hall is engraved with the words "heaven and earth are upright" in Sun Yat-sen's handwriting. There is a marble statue of Mr. Sun Yat-sen in the hall, which is lifelike and vivid. It is the masterpiece of the world famous sculptor Paul Landowski. There are reliefs reflecting the revolutionary deeds of Mr. Zhongshan around the statue. The marble of the east and west retaining walls of the memorial hall is engraved with Dr. Sun Yat-sen's handwritten posthumous work "Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China". There is a double door at the back of the hall, and there is a stone carving of "the tomb of Dr. Sun Yat-sen". The entrance is a circular tomb, with a long tomb in the center, on which is a white marble statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and the body of Dr. Sun Yat-sen is buried below.
after Mr. Sun's death, his body went through a lot of hardships. Originally, before Sun Yat-sen's death, he ordered the funeral ceremony and coffin style to be modeled after Lenin's format, so that people could pay tribute to the remains. However, when Mr. Sun died, the FRP coffin presented by the Soviet Union could not be delivered in time, so it had to be temporarily placed in a unitary glass-covered coffin and parked in the stone tower of Biyun Temple in Xiangshan, Beijing. When the Soviet government sent the FRP coffin on March 3, 1925, Sun Yat-sen's body had been dead for more than half a month. Due to improper anti-corrosion measures, the body could no longer be seen by future generations, so it had to be buried. On June 1, 1929, the body was moved from Beijing to Nanjing. At that time, a copper coffin ordered from the United States was placed about 5 meters below the recumbent statue. In the late period of the War of Liberation, Chiang Kai-shek wanted to move the body to Taiwan Province, but because blasting the tomb would inevitably damage the body, he gave up and finally kept it safely in Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.
The music station is in the south of Zhongshan Square. The stage covers an area of nearly 25 square meters, and a large arc-shaped illuminated wall with a height of 11.3 meters and a width of 16.7 meters is built behind the stage, which has the function of gathering sound. There is a crescent lotus pond in front of the stage. A fan-shaped auditorium was built in front of the pool along the slope, which can accommodate more than 3 people.
the sutra collection building is also called sun yat-sen memorial hall. Located in the vast forest between Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and Linggu Temple. It was initiated by the Chinese Buddhist Association in November 1934 and completed in October the following year. This building is specially built for collecting Dr. Sun Yat-sen's articles, including the main building, the monk's room and the stele gallery. The main building is a palace-style building, which looks like a temple building. It has three floors, the lecture hall on the ground floor, and a mezzanine auditorium. On the second floor, there is a study room for collecting scriptures, reading scriptures and studying. The third floor is the sutra collection room. There is a cloister-style building at the back of the building, which is 125 meters long. The wall is inlaid with the inscription of the full text of the "Three People's Principles" theory donated by General Feng Yuxiang. The Youth League has 138 lectures, totaling 155, words. Each lecture was written by calligraphers Zhang Naigong, Chen Tianxi, Lian Lianhai, Li Qichen, Ye Gongchuo, Zheng Hongnian, Chen Zhongjing, Cai Yun, Hu Di, Peng Chunshi, Wang Yihan, Li Xuanya, Wang Xian, Deng Dun Weng, etc. It is a group of precious cultural relics with excellent calligraphy and engraving.
Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is located in the majestic Zhongshan Mountain, the eastern suburb of Nanjing, the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, and it is the first among the mountains in Nanjing. It was called Jinling Mountain in ancient times. During the Warring States Period, the State of Chu built Jinling City here, hence the name of this mountain. It was called Zhongshan in the Han Dynasty, Zijinshan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Shan Jiang in the Eastern Wu Dynasty. Because there are purple shale in the mountain, looking at the top of the mountain from afar, Ziyun is full of weather.
Zhongshan Mountain is 7 kilometers long from east to west, 3 kilometers wide from north to south and 3 kilometers long in a week. It is the highest peak of Ningzhen Mountain, the remaining vein of Maoshan Mountain in southern Jiangsu. The whole mountain is arc-shaped, and the middle part protrudes northward; The eastern section extends to the southeast, stopping at Maqun and Qilinmen. The west section goes west, enters the city near the Taiping Gate, and the uplift is Fuguishan, Covered Zhoushan and Jilong Mountain. The mountain is winding and shaped like a vast dragon, so it is called "Zhongshan Dragon Pan".
There are three peaks in Zhongshan, which are in the shape of a penholder. The main peak is north of the center. North peak, 448.9 meters above sea level, is the highest peak in Ningzhen Mountains. The second peak in the southeast is Xiaomao Mountain. The third peak is located in the west, called Tianbao Mountain. Surrounded by mountains and streams, there are many lakes, especially Xuanwu Lake in the north, Zixia Lake in the south, Yanque Lake and Biwa Lake.
Zhongshan has a magnificent weather and superior terrain. Since ancient times, it has blended with the ups and downs of Nanjing. The great changes and development of the ancient capital Nanjing in politics, economy, military affairs and culture have almost left a rich accumulation in Zhongshan area, leaving a clear mark. Since Sun Quan, the first emperor of the Six Dynasties, Zhongshan has been the burial place of emperors' tombs and heroes. Since the beginning of the Six Dynasties, Zhongshan has been a prosperous place of Buddhism in Jiangdong. From the Six Dynasties to modern times, Zhongshan was a military stronghold and a battleground for military strategists. Throughout the ages, many literati have traveled in Zhongshan, leaving a well-known chapter of poetry; Especially during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement led by Hong Xiuquan and the Revolution of 1911 led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the great revolutionary forerunner of China, how many tragic battles were fought in Zhongshan and how many heroes fought bloody battles in Zhongshan. Zhongshan, with its numerous cultural landscapes, is rich in historical scenery, and more than 2 scenic spots, historical sites and memorial buildings, which are dazzling and patchwork, are set off among pines and cypresses. Zhongshan is the pride and holy land of the ancient capital Nanjing.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen's mausoleum and its affiliated memorial buildings are the most important scenic spots in Zhongshan. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, located on the south slope of Zhongmao Mountain in Zijinshan Mountain, faces Pingchou Wan Li in front and Cangya Qianzhang in the back. It was designed by Lv Yanzhi, a famous architect in China, and combines the essence of ancient China and western architecture. It is solemn, simple and unique. The overall situation of the cemetery is a "alarm bell" pattern, which means "making the world reach the Tao". The construction of the mausoleum broke ground in January 1926, and the main project lasted for more than three years until the Feng 'an ceremony on June 1, 1929, and the whole mausoleum project was completed in 1931. Around the main building of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, there are a series of memorial buildings, such as Yongmulu, Feng 'an Memorial Hall, Baoding, Music Station, Liuhui Pavilion, Yangzhi Pavilion, Guanghua Pavilion, Xingjian Pavilion and Tibetan Classics Building, which were built at that time by people from all walks of life and overseas Chinese in memory of Sun Yat-sen.. In order to commemorate Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the Sun Yat-sen Botanical Garden and the cemetery greenhouse, which are well-known at home and abroad, have also been established in the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Park. On both sides of Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum, there are some important figures in the modern democratic revolution, such as Sun Yat-sen's close comrades-in-arms and Kuomintang politicians. In 1928, the National Government decided to rebuild the cemetery of fallen soldiers of the National Revolutionary Army at the Linggu Temple site on the east side of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, and build additional memorial archways, memorial halls and towers. In the memorial hall converted from the Wuliang Hall of Linggu Temple, the names and ranks of the soldiers killed in the Northern Expedition and the Anti-Japanese War were engraved. According to statistics, there were 1 tablets carved at that time, with more than 33, names. At the northern foot of Zhongshan, there is also a solemn air martyr cemetery. The tombstone is engraved with the names of 3,36 martyrs from China, the United States and the Soviet Union who died for the anti-Japanese war.
in front of and behind the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum complex is the ming tomb complex. Ming tomb is the mausoleum of Zhu Yuanzhang and Ma Huanghou, the founding emperors of the Ming Dynasty. The cemetery covers a vast area, with a circumference of 22.5 kilometers and a depth of 2.5 kilometers from Xiamafang to Dulong Fubao City. It is the largest mausoleum in the Ming Dynasty. The whole building complex is divided into two parts: starting from Xiamafang, passing through Forbidden Monument, Shenlie Mountain Monument, Dajinmen, Shengong Shengde Monument Pavilion, Yuhe Bridge, Shi Xiangsheng, Shiwangzhu, Shi Weng Zhong and Lingxingmen, which are the guiding parts of Xiaoling. After crossing the Lingxing Gate and turning northeast, you can enter the main building of the cemetery, including Jinshui Bridge, Wenwu Fangmen, Xiaoling Gate, Xiaoling Hall, Neihongmen, Fangcheng Minglou and Baocheng in turn. The underground palace is located under the treasure city. Ming tomb's Shinto is 24 meters long, with deep twists and turns. The middle corner is Meihua Mountain, where Sun Quan's mausoleum is located. Shinto bypasses the foothills and is S-shaped, which is quite different from the open and direct Shinto in front of emperors' tombs. Although all the wooden buildings on the ground in ming tomb were destroyed by soldiers, the overall layout is magnificent, and the remaining buildings are magnificent, with clear patterns and superb skills. In particular, the unearthed tombs of Ming Taizu and Ma Huanghou are more mysterious under the rendering of folklore and historical anecdotes such as "Zhu Yuanzhang was buried and thirteen gates in Nanjing were coffins" for hundreds of years. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty, personally chose the site, supervised the construction of a large-scale ming tomb in the sun of Zhongshan, and also "buried the shadow of Zhongshan" for the founding heroes who followed him in the battlefield and founded a career, forming the layout of "all the peaks outside the mountain are courtiers". According to historical records, more than ten founding heroes in the early Ming Dynasty were buried in the Yin * * of Zhongshan, and the monuments and trees were connected with the Tuo. Up to now, the tombs of Xu Da, King of Zhongshan, Chang Yuchun, King of Kaiping, Li Wenzhong, King of Qiyang, Wu Liang, Duke of Jiang, Wu Zhen, Duke of Hai, and Qiu Cheng, Duke of Anhui, are basically well preserved. Stone beasts strewn at random, Weng Zhong mixed.
among the scenic spots in Zhongshan, the Buddhist temple has the longest history. During the Six Dynasties, there were more than 7 temples in Zhongshan, many temples in Fangong, and the sound of bells and bells was heard. With the vicissitudes of time, there have been ups and downs in the past dynasties, and so far only Linggu Temple on the left side of the mountain is still large. In particular, the Infinite Hall in Linggu Temple is tall and full of bricks, so it is also called the Beadless Hall, which is the earliest and largest existing building of its kind in China. Most of the other temples in Zhongshan are deserted, such as the Daaijing Temple, which was built in the top of Zhongshan in the first year of Liang Wudi (52). It is the most magnificent temple. Xiao Yan of Liang Wudi once went to visit and compose poems, showing the Prince Xiao Tong and him. The temple was later destroyed by war, and its ruins can still be seen today. The existing religious buildings in Zhongshan, such as Infinite Hall, Baogong Pagoda, Zhigong Hall, Dinglin Temple, etc., are all important historical sites, and only many descendants will rebuild them. However, between the top of Zhongshan Mountain or the valleys in the Mid-Levels, we can see the ruins of the ruined walls, the abandoned sites of ancient temples, and the flourishing scenes of Zhongshan Buddhist temples in the Six Dynasties.
Zhongshan cultural relics are also quite distinctive. As far as the inscriptions are concerned, the great painter Wu Daozi painted in the Tang Dynasty, the great poet Li Bai praised, and the great calligrapher Yan Zhenqing praised the monument of Baozhi and Monk, that is, the "Three Wonders Monument" in the world, which was famous. It was originally built in Dulongfu, Zhongshan, and later moved to this site with Linggu Temple. The Yangshan stele near Fentou Village, namely Zhu Di, the Ming Emperor, ordered the excavation. It was originally intended to be used as the stele for carving the sacred stone of Xiaoling. Its tablet forehead, tablet body and tablet seat are enormous, with a height of 73 meters and a total weight of 15, tons, which is called "peerless stele". On the third peak of Zhongshan, China's first modern observatory is built, and precious cultural relics such as armillary sphere, simple instrument, celestial globe and standard watch are also preserved, all of which are the oldest astronomical instruments in the world. In addition, the reading platform of Prince Zhaoming in Shangliang, north peak, Zhongshan, the cliff inscription of the famous patriotic poet Lu You who traveled in the rain in Zhongshan Dinglin Temple in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Taoist "Thirty-first Cave" where Zi Xia lived in seclusion in the Ming Dynasty are all scenic spots in Zhongshan, which have a strong cultural atmosphere.
Zhongshan is winding and undulating, just like Youlong, including Zijin Mountain, Xuanwu Lake, the connecting zone between mountains and lakes, and several low hills, walls and castles around the lake, such as Fugui Mountain, Covered Zhoushan Mountain and Jilong Mountain. It is characterized by the combination of mountain light and water color, and the integration of mountain, water, city and forest complements each other. Looking from Zhongshan, Xuanwu Lake has five continents of smoke and willows, ten miles of spring breeze, the sparkling wall shadow of Yanque Lake and the beautiful pearl of Zixia Lake. Make people feel relaxed and happy. Fuguishan, Covering Zhoushan and Jilong Mountain show peaks and towers, with lush trees. The naturally generated wild interest in the mountains and forests, coupled with the ingenious and exquisite architecture, make Zhongshan Scenic Area a masterpiece that closely combines natural beauty with humanistic beauty.
Nanjing is a famous ancient capital and a famous historical and cultural city. In its history of more than 2, years, the Six Dynasties, the early Ming Dynasty and modern times were the three golden periods in its historical development, and the historical sites and memorial buildings left in Zhongshan were also the most concentrated and prominent. The scenery of Zhongshan is a witness of Nanjing's long history, a treasure house for developing tourism resources, and a classroom for patriotic education for the broad masses of people. We should cherish and protect the cultural relics and historic sites in Zhongshan, vigorously publicize its scenic spots and actively develop its tourist landscape, so that it will play an increasingly great role in the cause of building a new Nanjing that integrates the ancient capital style with the modern city.
Historical evolution of the organization of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
1. Funeral preparation office (April 4, 1925-June 3, 1929)
On March 12, 1925, Dr. Sun Yat-sen passed away in Beijing, and the whole country was saddened. On April 4, 1925, the Executive Committee of the Kuomintang Central Committee in Beijing made preparations for the burial and elected Zhang Jingjiang, Wang Jingwei, Lin Sen, Yu Youren, Dai Chuanxian, Yang Shukan and Shao.